For each day, readings are listed which should be done before coming to class that day. Primary source readings (from ANT, CLA, or on-line) should also be brought to class to facilitate discussion. On-line readings can be found by clicking on the underlined assignment. Photocopied readings, which are available from the Blackboard site ([link removed]), are marked with an asterisk (*). You should also be able to click directly on the link (if you are logged in to iLearn) to get to the reading. [note: These links have been removed for the archived version of this website.]

For each day’s class, a list of topics and questions are provided to give some idea of the structure of that day’s lecture and discussion, and help students maximize their reading and class preparation. Recommended Readings, usually from Henry Chadwick's The Early Church, are also included below the day's questions

Readings from the two sourcebooks (ANT = After the New Testament; CLA = Christianity in Late Antiquity) are given according to the page numbers of these books, followed by more detailed citations (giving page numbers, Reading numbers, and Reading titles). Some entries will also have links labeled For more information... ; these links take you to web pages outside of these course website, and are not required, only recommended for those students who want more information to supplement their reading.

Mon.      Apr. 2:

Course Introduction

Overview of course syllabus and requirements.

No readings

Wed.   Apr. 4:

Beginnings and Contexts: Jews, Gentiles, Romans, Christians

What was the cultural and political context from which Christianity emerged? How did a small Jewish renewal movement become a mysterious “cult” in the Roman Empire? How did this movement appear to curious outsiders?

Readings

ANT, ch. 1: "General Introduction" (pp. 1-6)

Earliest Roman sources on Christianity

selections from Suetonius, Pliny the Younger, and Tacitus 

For more information... on these ancient Roman authors, check their Wikipedia entries: Suetonius, Pliny, Tacitus

For more information... on the geographic spread of Christianity, check out this map

Recommended Readings: Henry Chadwick, The Early Church, 9-31

Fri.   Apr. 6:

Expansion and the Spread of Christianity

How did the earliest Christians understand the expansion of their movement? What did they "sell" to potential converts, and how did they imagine their new movement fit into the world around them? How was their entry into the new community ritualized?

Readings

ANT, ch. 2: "The Spread of Christianity: Early Christians and their Converts"

• Introduction (pp. 7-9)

• Text 1, "Acts of John" (pp. 10-12 )

• Text 2, "Acts of Thomas" (pp. 13-18)

• Text 3, "Justin: Dialogue With Trypho" (pp. 18-24)

ANT, ch. 11: "The Development of the Liturgy"

• Text 65, "Hippolytus: The Apostolic Tradition" (pp. 353-56)

For more information... on the geographic spread of Christianity, check out this animated map.

Recommended Readings: Henry Chadwick, The Early Church, 54-66

Mon.      Apr. 9:

Christianity Under Attack: Persecution and Martyrdom

Under what circumstances were some Christians tortured or put to death in the first centuries? When did texts about these martyrs begin to circulate, and why would Christians retell such gruesome stories of torture and death in their communities? What message about their own identity were they getting from such tales?

Readings

ANT, ch. 2: "The Spread of Christianity"

• Introduction (pp. 25-27)

• Text 4, "The Letter of Ignatius to the Romans" (pp. 28-30)

• Text 5, "The Martyrdom of Polycarp" (pp. 30-35)

• Text 6, "The Letters of the Churches of Vienne and Lyons" (pp. 35-41)

• Text 7, "The Acts of the Scillitan Martyrs" (pp. 41-42)

• Text 8, "The Martyrdom of Perpetua and Felicitas" (pp. 42-50)

For more information... look at this map of the locations of some of the early martyrdoms.

Recommended Readings: Robert Wilken, The Christians as the Romans Saw Them, pp. 48-67

Wed.   Apr. 11:

Christianity on the Defensive: Apology

Why were accusations of incest, cannibalism, and atheism lodged against Christians, and how did they defend themselves against these charges? Were “apologies” (legal defenses) aimed primarily at non-Christians, or do they make more sense as internal documents designed to encourage the faithful?

Readings

ANT, ch. 4: "The Defense of Christianity"

• Introduction (pp. 51-53)

• Text 9, "Minucius Felix: Octavius" (pp. 54-57)

• Text 10, "Justin: First Apology" (pp. 57-65)

• Text 11, "Athenagoras: Plea Regarding the Christians" (pp. 65-71)

• Text 12, "The Letter to Diognetus" (pp. 71-75)

• Text 13, "Tertullian: Apology" (pp. 75-82)

For more information... about the Roman Emperors to whom these "apologies" were addressed, view the capsule biographies on this site (check out Antoninus Pius, Lucius Verus, and Marcus Aurelius).

Recommended Readings: Robert Wilken, The Christians as the Romans Saw Them, pp. 94-125

Fri.   Apr. 13:

Diversity, I: Jews and/or Christians?

Why did a predominantly gentile religious movement understand its Jewish origins—and how did they negotiate the boundary between “Jews” and “Christians”? Why did some Christians refuse to acknowledge that boundary, while others found it to be so important?

Readings

ANT, ch. 5: "Anti-Judaic Polemic"

• Introduction (pp. 95-97)

• Text 16, "Justin: Dialogue with Trypho" (pp. 106-115)

• Text 17, "Melito of Sardis: On the Passover" (pp. 115-128)

ANT, ch. 6: "The Diversity of Early Christianity"

• Jewish-Christian Texts: Introduction (p. 134)

• Text 19, "The Gospel According to the Ebionites" (pp. 134-136)

• Text 20, "The Letter of Peter to James and its Reception" (pp. 136-139)

• Text 21, "The Homilies of Clement" (pp. 139-143)

For more information... on the history and development of Jewish-Christian relations, check out the resources at this site.

Recommended Readings: Henry Chadwick, The Early Church, 66-73

Mon.      Apr. 16:

Diversity, II: Gnosticism, Salvation from Another World

Why did some Christians focus on abstract mythological themes of salvation from "out there"? Who were the "gnostics," and were their views of Christian salvation really so alien to "mainstream" Christianity? Was gnosticism the most purely "non-Jewish" form of Christianity?

Readings

ANT, ch. 6: "The Diversity of Early Christianity"

• Introduction (pp. 131-133)

• Gnostic-Christian Texts: Introduction (pp. 144-145)

• Text 22, "The Secret Book of John" (pp. 146-154)

• Text 25, "Ptolemy's Letter to Flora" (pp. 165-70)

• Text 26, "On the Origin of the World" (pp. 170-177)

• Text 29, "The Hymn of the Pearl" (pp. 185-187)

• Text 30, "The Gospel of Philip" (pp. 187-192)

For more information... on Nag Hammadi and gnostic texts and beliefs, look through this website on Gnosticism.

Recommended Readings: Henry Chadwick, The Early Church, 33-41

Wed.   Apr. 18:

From Text to Canon: Forming a "New" Testament

How and why did early Christians select some texts for inclusion in a new, canonical set of Scriptures, and what purposes did this "new" testament serve? What texts were excluded, and what can we learn about the diversity of early Christianity(ies) from them?

Readings

ANT, ch. 8: "'Apostolic' Writings Outside the Canon"

• Introduction (pp. 235-36)

• Text 38, "The Gospel of Peter" (pp. 244-247)

• Text 40, "The Infancy Gospel of Thomas" (pp. 255-259)

• Text 44, "The Acts of Thecla" (pp. 278-284)

• Text 47, "The Correspondence Between Paul and Seneca" (pp. 292-294)

• Text 48, "Paul's Letter to the Laodiceans" (p. 295)

• Text 49, "The Apocalypse of Peter" (pp. 296-301)

ANT, ch. 9: "The New Scriptures"

• Introduction (pp. 309-310)

• Text 51, "The Muratorian Canon" (pp. 311-312)

• Text 52, "Irenaeus: Against the Heresies" (p. 313)

• Text 53, "Origen of Alexandria" (pp. 314-315)

• Text 54, "Eusebius: Ecclesiastical History" (pp. 315-316)

Recommended Readings: Henry Chadwick, The Early Church, 41-45

Fri.   Apr. 20:

Ritual and Office: Building the "Church"

How did Christian communities organize themselves through institution and ritual? What were "bishops," "presbyters," and "deacons," and why did some Christians (but not all) think they were so important?

Readings

ANT, ch. 10: "The Structure of Early Christianity"

• Introduction (pp. 317-319)

• Text 55, "First Clement" (pp. 320-323)

• Text 56, "The Didache" (pp. 323-325)

• Text 57, "The Letters of Ignatius to the Ephesians, Magnesians, and Smyrneans" (pp. 325-328)

• Text 58, "Hippolytus: The Apostolic Tradition" (pp. 328-332)

ANT, ch. 11: "'The Development of the Liturgy"

• Introduction (pp. 343-345)

• Text 61, "The Didache" (pp. 346-347)

• Text 62, "Justin: First Apology" (pp. 347-349)

• Text 63, "Tertullian: Apology" (pp. 349-351)

• Text 64, "Tertullian: On the Crown" (p. 352)

• Text 65, "Hippolytus: The Apostolic Tradition" (pp. 353-356)

• Text 66, "The Didascalia" (pp. 356-360)

Recommended Readings: Henry Chadwick, The Early Church, 45-53

Mon.      Apr. 23:

Controversies: Fractures in the Church

In what manner did different Christian communities begin to become divided, and attempt to reach consensus, on various internal issues, such as ritual, morality, Trinity, and divinity? How did the “Marcionites” and “Montanists” bring these issues to a head, and how did Tertullian come to speak to so many of these internal fractures?

Readings

ANT, ch. 7: "The Internal Conflicts of Christianity"

• Text 32, "Tertullian: Prescription of the Heretics" (pp. 211-217)

• Text 33, "Tertullian: On the Flesh of Christ" (pp. 218-224)

• Text 34, "Tertullian: Against Praxeas" (pp. 224-226)

ANT, ch. 13: "Leading the Upright Life"

• Text 72, "Tertullian: To His Wife" (pp. 399-404)

ANT, ch. 14: "The Emergence of Orthodoxy"

• Introduction (pp. 405-407)

• Text 73, "Tertullian: Against Praxeas" (pp. 408-413)

• Text 76, "Dionysius of Rome: Letter to Dionysius of Alexandria" (pp. 435-436)

For more information... look at this map of the "founders" of major early Christian heresies. 

Recommended Readings: Henry Chadwick, The Early Church, 52-53 (on Montanism), 84-93

essay #1 due at the beginning of class

Wed.   Apr. 25:

Intellectuals: Clement and Origen

How did Christians begin to incorporate high “culture” into their understanding of theology, ethics, and biblical interpretation? What contributions did educated thinkers such as Clement of Alexandria and Origen make in integrating philosophy into Christian faith?

Readings

ANT, ch. 13: "Leading the Upright Life"

• Text 71, "Clement of Alexandria: The Educator" (pp. 387-399)

ANT, ch. 12: "The Proclamation of the Word"

• Text 68, "Origen: Homilies on Luke" (pp. 369-375)

• Text 69, "Origen: Homilies on Genesis" (pp. 375-381)

ANT, ch. 14: "The Emergence of Orthodoxy"

• Text 74, "Origen: On First Principles" (pp. 413-429)

Recommended Readings: Henry Chadwick, The Early Church, 94-113

Fri.   Apr. 27:

Philosophers: A New Culture War

As Christianity became more intellectual, how did “pagan” critics respond through defenses of Greek philosophy and culture? What do the criticisms of Celsus (second century) and Porphyry (third century) tell us about the sophistication of Christianity, and its perceived threat to traditional Greco-Roman religion?

Readings

ANT, ch. 4: "The Defense of Christianity"

• Text 14, "Origen: Against Celsus" (pp. 82-93)

Selection from Porphyry

* “Porphyry: The Most Learned Critic of Them All,” from Robert Wilken, Christians as the Romans Saw Them, pp. 126-63 (on reserve in Rivera Library, and also available in PDF form through the Blackboard site [click on "Assignments" button]).

Mon.      Apr. 30:

The End of Persecution

Under what circumstances did Roman Emperors attempt to root out Christianity in the third and fourth centuries, and what sort of threat did Christianity pose to “state religion” in times of political turmoil and reconstruction? What consequences did these systematic persecutions have on debates over morality and authority within the Christian churches? How, and why, did the persecutions stop?

Readings

CLA, ch. 1: "General Introduction" (pp. 1-7)

CLA, ch. 2: "The End of Persecution"

• Introduction (pp. 8-9)

• Text 1, "The Acts of Saint Felix" (pp. 10-11)

• Text 2, "Lactantius: The Deaths of the Persecutors" (pp. 11-23)

Recommended Readings: ANT 340-42, 430-35; Henry Chadwick, The Early Church, 116-124

Wed.   May 2:

Constantine: Church as State?

What was the significance of Constantine the Great’s “conversion” to Christianity and his subsequent patronage of Christian churches? Was this a radical shift in religious and political relations? What changes did Constantine make to laws, politics, and economics, and how did his later biographers view this “conversion” and its effect on the Empire?

Readings

CLA, ch. 3: "Christianity and the Imperial House"

• Introduction (pp. 24-25)

• Text 3, "The Origin of Constantine" (pp. 26-30)

• Text 4, "Eusebius: The Life of Constantine" (pp. 30-44)

• Text 5, "Zosimus: The New History" (pp. 44-47)

CLA, ch. 4: "Christianity and Roman Law"

• Introduction (pp. 68-69)

• Text 6, "Theodosian Code: On Religion" (pp. 70-74; try to pick out laws promulgated by Constantine)

For more information... about the first Christian Roman Emperors, read the capsule biographies on this site (check out Constantine I especially).

Recommended Readings: Henry Chadwick, The Early Church, 125-129
 

Fri.   May 4:

Nicaea: State and Church

What theological disputes led to the imperial convocation of a world-wide Christian council in Nicaea in 325? What were the teachings of Arius, and why were they condemned? What role did philosophy and Scriptures play in these debates, and what was actually decided at Nicaea?

Readings

CLA, ch. 7: "Heresy and Orthodoxy"

• Introduction (pp. 155-156)

• Trinitarian Controversy: The Texts (pp. 157-158)

• Text 20, "Arius: Thalia" (pp. 158-159)

• Text 21, "Alexander of Alexandria: Letter to Alexander of Constantinople" (pp. 159-166)

• Text 22, "Arius: Letter to Alexander of Alexandria" (pp. 166-167)

CLA, ch. 8: "Canons and Creeds"

• Introduction (pp. 242-243)

• Text 33, "Creed and Canons of Nicaea" (pp. 251-256)

For more information... view this map of the major "ecumenical councils" in late antiquity.

Recommend Readings: Henry Chadwick, The Early Church, 113-116, 130-132

Wed.   May 9:

Trinity: Theological Debate after Nicaea

How did conflicts over the Triune God evolve after Nicaea? What role did regional, metropolitan, and imperial politics play in the theological debates, and what forms of discipline were used against dissenters? What role did major bishops--the Cappadocians and Athanasius--play in the conflict, and what exactly got resolved in Constantinople in 381?

Readings

CLA, ch. 7: "Heresy and Orthodoxy"

• Text 26, "Athanasius: On the Incarnation of the Word" (pp. 190-200)

• Text 23, "Gregory of Nazianzus: Third Theological Oration" (pp. 167-177)

CLA, ch. 8, "Canons and Creeds"

• Text 34, "Creed and Canons of Constantinople" (pp. 256-259)

Recommended Readings: Henry Chadwick, The Early Church, 133-151 

Fri.   May 11:

Julian: Pagans and Culture

How were cultural, political, and ethnic crises within Christianity worsened by the attempts of Julian, the last non-Christian emperor, to revive “pagan” religion? What were the consequences of Julian’s failed religious revival? How did Christians learn to adapt paideia (classical education) to religious faith?

Readings

CLA, ch. 3: "Christianity and the Imperial House"

• Text 6, "Julian: Letters on Religion" (pp. 48-53)

• Text 7, "Ephraim: Hymns against Julian" (pp. 53-57)

CLA, ch. 12: "The Christian Bible"

• Text 56, "Gregory of Nyssa: Homily on the Song of Songs" (pp. 461-465)

* "Julian the Apostate: Jewish Law and Christian Truth," Robert Wilken, Christians as the Romans Saw Them, pp. 164-196 (on reserve in Rivera Library, and also available in PDF form through the Blackboard site [click on "Assignments" button]).

For more information... about "Julian the Apostate," check out this surprisingly accurate and readable novel by Gore Vidal.

Recommended Readings: Henry Chadwick, The Early Church, 152-159

Mon.      May 14:

Bishops: Preaching, Conflict, and Violence in Christian Cities

How did the political, economic, and religious role of the bishop evolve after Constantine, especially in urban centers (such as Milan, Constantinople, and Alexandria)? Why were some bishops (Ambrose, John Chrysostom, Theophilus) such magnets for controversy?

Readings

CLA, ch. 3: "Christianity and the Imperial House"

• Text 8, "Ambrose: On the Death of Theodosius" (pp. 57-67)

CLA, ch. 6: "Christian Leadership"

• Text 18, "Gregory of Nazianzus: On Himself and the Bishops" (pp. 139-150)

CLA, ch. 7: "Heresy and Orthodoxy"

• Text 30, "John Chrysostom: First Speech Against the Judaizers" (pp. 227-237)

Recommended Readings: Henry Chadwick, The Early Church, 160-173, 184-191

Wed.   May 16:

Asceticism, part I: Holiness in the Desert

Why did some individuals begin to withdraw from society and pursue rigorous physical denial in the deserts of Egypt? What can we know about the origins of Christian monasticism from our surviving sources (the Life of Antony, the Rule of Pachomius), and what do they tell us about new ideals of Christian salvation?

Readings

CLA, ch. 9: "Asceticism and Monasticism"

• Introduction (pp. 268-29)

• Text 38, "Pachomian Rules" (pp. 291-299)

• Text 39, "Sayings of the Desert Fathers" (pp. 300-307)

CLA, ch. 11: "Saints's Lives"

• Text 46, "Athanasius: Life of Antony" (pp. 368-377)

Recommended Readings: Henry Chadwick, The Early Church, 174-183

Fri.   May 18:

Asceticism, part II: The Sanctity of the Body

What philosophical, medical, and religious concepts lay behind the rise of Christian self-discipline (asceticism), and what kinds of monks came to exist in the fourth and fifth centuries? What broader issues--on salvation, authority, and gender--were at play in the diverse ascetic movements?

Readings

CLA, ch. 9: "Asceticism and Monasticism"

• Text 37, "Jerome: Letter to Eustochium" (pp. 270-290)

CLA, ch. 11: "Saints' Lives"

• Text 47, "Theodoret: The Religious History" (pp. 377-389)

Mon.      May 21:

Pilgrimage: Landscapes of Faith

Why did some Christians begin to venerate objects and places, particularly the bones of saints and the sites of the holy land? How did the rise of pilgrimage relate to asceticism and imperial politics, and what theological disputes surrounded this new practice?

Readings

CLA, ch. 10: "Pilgrims, Relics, and Holy Places"

• Introduction (pp. 331-332)

• Text 42, "Egeria: Travel Journal" (pp. 333-347)

• Text 43, "Gregory of Nyssa: Letter on Pilgrimage" (pp. 347-350)

• Text 44, "Victricius of Rouen" (pp. 350-360) [This text is very dense and philosophical: just skim!]

• Text 45, "Lucianus: On the Discovery of Saint Stephen" (pp. 360-365)

 For more information... on pilgrimage to the holy land, check out this site (still under construction).

Wed.   May 23:

Saints: The Mirror of Holy Lives

What value did ascetic and nonascetic Christians find in the literary pastiche of saints’ lives? Were these literal models of imitation, escapist fantasy reading, or did they convey more subtle religious themes? How was an everyday Christian supposed to “relate” to an ex-prostitute, cross-dressing hermit?

Readings

CLA, ch. 11: "Saints' Lives"

• Introduction (pp. 366-367)

• Text 47, "Theodoret: The Religious History" (pp. 381-386) (review life of Symeon the Stylite)

• Text 48, "History of the Monks of Egypt" (pp. 389-404)

• Text 49, "The Life of Pelagia" (pp. 404-416)

Fri.   May 25:

Jerome and Augustine: Personhood and Salvation

How did Latin theology focus on the role of human participation in salvation, grace, free will, and evil? How did Jerome and Augustine come to dominate these controversies, and what were their lasting legacies (cultural, political, and religious) to Western Christianity?

Readings

CLA, ch. 5: "Becoming a Christian"

• Text 11, "Augustine: Confessions" (pp. 80-92)

• Text 14, "Augustine: On Catechizing the Unlearned" (pp. 107-123)

CLA, ch. 7: "Heresy and Orthodoxy"

• The Nature of Humanity: The Texts (p. 189)

• Text 27, "Jerome: Letter to Ctesiphon (Against Pelagius)" (pp. 200-210)

Recommended Readings: Henry Chadwick, The Early Church, 213-236

Wed.   May 30:

Community and Boundaries

How did the post-Constantinian church define and enforce the boundaries with "others" (especially Jews, "Jewish-Christians," and other varieties of heretics)? How did imperial force come to be deployed in the resolution of the "Donatist schism," and what impact did this have on theologies of self, community, and church?

Readings

CLA, ch. 7: "Heresy and Orthodoxy"

• The Nature of the Church: The Texts (p. 211)

• Text 28, "Optatus: Against the Donatists" (pp. 212-218)

• Text 29, "Augustine: Sermon on the Dispute with the Donatists" (pp. 218-225)

• Judaizing Heresies: The Texts (p. 226)

• Text 30, "John Chrysostom: First Speech Against the Judaizers" (pp. 227-237; review)

• Text 31, "Epiphanius: Medicine Chest Against Heresies: The Nazoraeans" (pp. 237-241)

CLA, ch. 8: "Canons and Creeds"

• Text 32, "Canons of Elivra" (pp. 244-251)

essay #2 due at the beginning of class

Fri.   June 1:

Christology: Theological Debate in the Fifth Century

What were the political and theological dimensions of the debate between Cyril and Nestorius over the nature of Christ, and what role did imperial politics in Rome and Constantinople play? What was decided at the councils of Ephesus and Chalcedon, and what was controversies about God and salvation remained unresolved?

Readings

CLA, ch. 7: "Heresy and Orthodoxy"

• Christological Controversy: The Texts (pp. 178-179)

• Text 24, "Nestorius: Letter to Cyril of Alexandria" (pp. 179-182)

• Text 25, "Cyril of Alexandria: Third Letter to Nestorius" (pp. 182-188)

CLA, ch. 8: "Canons and Creeds"

• Text 35, "Canons of Ephesus" (pp. 259-261)

• Text 36, "Definition and Canons of Chalcedon" (pp. 261-267)

Recommended Readings: Henry Chadwick, The Early Church, 192-212

Mon.   June 4:

Expressions, I: Bible, Canon, and Interpretation

How did the Bible--its words, canonical shape, and interpretation--shape the formation of Christian "culture" in the fourth century and beyond? How did "apocrypha" become synonymous with "heresy," and how did sophisticated biblical interpretation mediate between Christian simplicity and philosophical ideas?

Readings

CLA, ch. 12: "The Christian Bible"

• Introduction (pp. 417-418)

• Canon and Apocrypha: The Texts (p. 419)

• Text 50, "Eusebius: Church History" (pp. 420-422)

• Text 51, "Athanasius: Easter Letter 39" (pp. 422-427)

• Text 52, "Priscillian: On Faith and Apocrypha" (pp. 427-433)

• Text 53, "Augustine: On Christian Doctrine" (pp. 433-438)

• Biblical Interpretation: The Texts (pp. 439-440)

• Text 55, "Diodore of Tarsus: Commentary on Psalms" (pp. 455-461)

Recommended Readings: CLA 440-455

Wed.   June 6:

Expressions, II: Early Christian Art and Ritual

How did the performance of Christian identity transform ritual and urban spaces into a dramatic theater of salvation? What particular architectural and artistic forms evolved to express and encode Christianity in late antiquity?

Readings

CLA,  ch. 5: "Becoming a Christian"

• Text 15, "John Chrysostom: Second Baptismal Instruction" (pp. 123-128)

CLA, ch. 6: "Christian Leadership"

• Text 17, "Testament of the Lord" (pp. 134-138)

CLA, ch. 13: "Christian Art and Architecture"

• Introduction (pp. 466-467)

• Text 57, "Paulinus of Nola: Song on Felix's Church" (pp. 468-473)

• "Text" 58, "Christian Art in Late Antiquity" (pp. 474-480)

Recommended Readings: Henry Chadwick, The Early Church, 258-284

Fri.      June 9:

Barbarians and Conclusions

How did Christianity reach the peoples outside of the Roman Empire: northern Europe, Africa, and Asia? What did Christianity look like as the Roman Empire collapsed in the fifth and sixth centuries? Also, any final questions from the class.

Readings

CLA, ch. 14: "Christianity Outside the Roman Empire"

• Introduction (pp. 481-482)

• Text 59, "Sozomen: Church History" (pp. 483-491)

• Text 60, "Acts of the Persian Martyrs" (pp. 492-498)

Recommended Readings: 247-257, 285-290

FINAL EXAM: THURSDAY, JUNE 14, 2007, 11:30AM - 2:30PM